2019 Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19): What you should know
Updated Apr. 6, 2021

Symptoms may appear 2-14 days after exposure to the novel coronavirus, according to the CDC. People with these symptoms or combinations of symptoms may have COVID-19:

• fever
• dry coughs
• shortness of breath associated with respiratory illness
• muscle pain
• headache
• new loss of taste or smell
• sore throat
• chills
• repeated shaking with chills
• diarrhea

Sinus congestion or pain, nausea or vomiting are unlikely to be associated with COVID-19. Call your primary care provider if you experience symptoms and believe you have been in close contact with a person known to have novel coronavirus.

Learn which novel coronavirus symptoms to look for first

Two fast-spreading COVID-19 variants were first discovered in recent months in the United Kingdom and South Africa. Both have health officials concerned worldwide, especially as the coronavirus pandemic rages worse than ever in many places, including California. Experts are still learning about these COVID-19 variants, but researchers believe both new strains are more contagious.

The UK variant has 17 mutations. (Mutations are common in all viruses but most don’t affect their function.) Eight of the mutations are in the spike protein, which attach to human cells and can help the virus better bind to cells.

There's no evidence that the new COVID-19 strains have any new symptoms or make people sicker. The case fatality rate won’t change, but if more people get sick because it’s more contagious, more people will die.

Pfizer/BioNTech announced that a preliminary study shows their vaccine is effective against the COVID-19 mutation in the spike protein in the two variants. Experts believe the Moderna vaccines will also be effective against the new coronavirus strains. More research is ongoing.

Learn more about the new COVID-19 strains from a UC Davis Health infectious disease expert

Clinical pathologists, infectious disease physicians and scientists at UC Davis Health are collaborating on new reagents (substances used for chemical analysis) and diagnostic tests for COVID-19 that can be done in-house. The health system’s Clinical Laboratory began doing its own COVID-19 tests in March. The diagnostic laboratory team started using a new, high-capacity robotic testing instrument in early April. This commercial device has the ability to perform more than 1,000 tests for the novel coronavirus per day. In two months, UC Davis Health has performed more than 10,000 molecular tests. Learn more about our COVID-19 testing process here and how the test is conducted.

See what we've learned from the blood tests of a COVID-19 patient

We don’t really know what the presence of antibodies means. It doesn’t necessarily mean that you’re immune to the coronavirus. Antibody blood tests, also called antibody tests, may show if you had a previous infection with the virus and could mean you potentially are immune. However, medical science has yet to determine what level of antibodies confirm immunity, if immunity is possible, or how long immunity might last. The virus that causes COVID-19 was only discovered in December 2019. The result of a positive antibody test means nothing given the current gaps in knowledge about COVID-19. Until there is more definitive information, we should assume, even with positive antibodies, that a person may still be susceptible to the coronavirus.

Common COVID-19 treatments include remdesivir, convalescent plasma, and dexamethasone. Remdesivir and convalescent plasma are used to control viral infection, and dexamethasone is used to control the immune response to infection. These drugs have often proven more successful than using a ventilator, which sometimes has made lung inflammation worse.

Learn more about novel coronavirus treatments

Yes, UC Davis Health is conducting multiple clinical trials related to novel coronavirus research. Those include an experimental treatment using the antiviral medication remdesivir for patients hospitalized with severe COVID-19 infection. Our research teams are also investigating the outcomes of symptomatic patients treated with the drug hydroxychloquine, as well as studying the value of antibody and blood tests for patients who had COVID-19 but showed no symptoms (known as “asymptomatic”). If you are interested in participating in a novel coronavirus clinical trial, visit the UC Davis Health Clinical Studies page.

COVID-19 affects everyone differently. There isn't necessarily a set amount of time in which people recover from novel coronavirus. However, the CDC’s guidelines on how long to stay at home in isolation are as follows:

• If you think or know you have COVID-19 and have symptoms, you can be with others when the following three things are all true:
  • You've gone three days with no fever;
  • Your respiratory symptoms have improved;
  • And it's been 10 days since symptoms first appeared.
• If you tested positive for COVID-19 but don't have symptoms, you can be with others if you continue to have no symptoms 10 days after your test.
• If you've been around someone with COVID-19, you should stay home for 14 days after exposure, based on the time it takes to develop illness.

The CDC notes that in the first two cases, you might get tested to see if you still have COVID-19. If you are tested, you can be around others after you receive two negative test results in a row, at least 24 hours apart. For mild cases (outpatients), about two-thirds of people return to their baseline level of health within 2 to 3 weeks. It often takes longer to recover for patients with more severe disease who required hospitalization.

Learn more about COVID-19 recovery at home

COVID-19 vaccines will be available based on vaccination criteria from public health agencies. People in the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) Phase 1a group, which includes frontline health care workers and those in long-term care facilities, are eligible for a vaccine. People in CDC's Phase 1b, which includes individuals ages 75 years and older, are also able to get a COVID-19 vaccine. 

UC Davis Health is notifying patients when they are eligible to schedule a COVID-19 vaccine appointment. We hope to keep increasing the number of patients we're able to vaccinate, but this is dependent on vaccine supply and how many doses we receive each week. UC Davis Health is following state and federal guidelines to prioritize first doses and we are delivering coronavirus vaccine doses as fast they arrive. UC Davis Health patients will be notified through MyUCDavisHealth, by email, phone call or a letter when they are eligible for a COVID-19 vaccine.

Learn more about the COVID-19 vaccine and distribution plans from UC Davis Health experts

UC Davis Health patients: Get more information about when you can schedule a vaccine appointment

See more about our frontline health care workers getting vaccinated

As of November 16, Californians must wear face coverings or masks in at all times when outside the home, with some exceptions.

According to the California Department of Public Health (CDPH), research shows that people with no or few symptoms of novel coronavirus (also known as asymptomatic) can still spread the disease. The agency added that face coverings, combined with social distancing and good hand washing practices, will reduce the spread of COVID-19.

The new requirements also list when people are exempt from wearing face coverings, such as:

• In a car alone or solely with members of their own household
• While working in an office or in a room alone
• While actively eating or drinking provided that they're able to maintain a distance of at least 6 feet away from non-members of the same household or residence
• While outdoors and maintaining at least 6 feet of social distance from others not in their household. Such persons must have a face covering with them at all times and must put it on if they are within 6 feet of others who are not in their household
• While obtaining a service involving the nose or face for which temporary removal of the face covering is necessary to perform the service
• Workers who are required to wear respiratory protection
• Persons who are specifically exempted from wearing face coverings by other CDPH guidance

Other exceptions to the mandate are listed on CDPH’s website. Children ages 2 and under, and people with a medical, mental health or a developmental disability that prevent them wearing a face covering, are among those exempted.

Find out why you should wear masks and what materials are best

Learn from our experts about the science of wearing a mask

Currently, there isn’t a study that shows increased protection from COVID-19 while wearing disposable gloves. Human hands have a lot of microbial, built-in defenses in the skin. COVID-19 can largely survive longer on gloves than it would on hands. The virus isn’t going to infect you through your hands, but rather because you touch your face, which can also happen while wearing gloves. In certain circumstances, wearing gloves is advised. For example, if you’re in contact with a surface that is likely infected, you can wear gloves and then take them off when you’re done. If you have problems with hand hygiene, like skin irritation from repeated washing, then wearing gloves (and changing to new ones often) is reasonable.

Don’t rely on gloves as a barrier to coronavirus, as your hands are probably more resistant to the virus than the gloves are. What’s most important is hand hygiene and not using your hands (gloved or not) to spread virus to your mouth, nose, eyes or ears.

You can reuse gloves – although they are inexpensive, and it’s recommended to use a new pair each time. However, the virus doesn’t last forever on a surface. After 7 days, the chance of the virus infecting you is very low. You can sanitize gloves with alcohol or wash them with soap and water.

Learn other novel coronavirus (COVID-19) mistakes you may be making in preventing the virus

The best way for people to protect themselves is to not be around sick people. Much is unknown about how the novel coronavirus spreads. However, coronaviruses typically are spread from person-to-person when in close contact (about 6 feet).

The best way to protect your health is by practicing preventive measures, such as:

• Wash your hands with soap and water or an alcohol-based hand sanitizer if soap and water are not available. Wash your hands frequently, for at least 20 seconds, and after sneezing or before/after touching your face or a sick person. Avoid touching eyes, nose or mouth with unwashed hands.
• Stay home from work and away from other people if you become sick with any respiratory symptoms like fever and cough.
• Avoid close contact with people who are sick. People who are sick should be in a room, with the door closed, to help prevent spreading the disease to other people.
• Avoid touching your face, especially your eyes, nose and mouth.
• Cover your mouth and nose with a tissue or your sleeve (not your hands) when coughing or sneezing. If you're coughing and sneezing, isolate yourself away from others.
• Clean and disinfect frequently touched surfaces at home, work and in your car.
• Do not travel or go out into public while sick.
• Practice healthy habits: Get plenty of sleep, be physically active, manage your stress, drink plenty of fluids and eat nutritious food.

Check out these ways to stay healthy amid the COVID-19 pandemic (pdf)

Children were not included in any of the initial coronavirus vaccine clinical trials. Neither were pregnant women. A couple of vaccine manufacturers have started studying the efficacy and safety of the vaccine in children.

Learn more about how the COVID-19 vaccine works

UC Davis Children’s Hospital, which is part of the Pediatric Emergency Research Networks, is one of the sites for a global study about COVID-19 in children. Pediatric experts are focusing on the risk factors that may lead to more serious forms of the disease, including a condition the CDC is now calling “multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children.”

This form of COVID-19 has been compared to toxic shock syndrome and to a very uncommon childhood illness called Kawasaki disease. It was described as “Kawasaki-like” in a recent article in the journal The Lancet. Physicians say the new syndrome seems to affect the heart more frequently than typical Kawasaki disease and has been identified mainly in school-aged children rather than infants or toddlers.

Fortunately, our children’s hospital has only seen a few pediatric COVID-19 cases. None of them have been as severe as what other parts of the country and world have seen.

Since May 2020, the CDC has been tracking multisystem inflammatory syndrome (MIS-C) in children. It is a rare but serious condition that can be life-threatening and require hospitalization, according to the California Department of Public Health. Some children developed MIS-C after being diagnosed with COVID-19 or after coming into contact with someone who had COVID-19.

According to the CDC, most cases are in children between the ages of 1 and 14 years. Children typically developed MIS-C 2-4 weeks after being infected with COVID-19. Symptoms of MIS-C include:

• fever that doesn't go away
• abdominal pain
• vomiting
• diarrhea
• neck pain
• rash
• bloodshot eyes
• feeling tired

Contact your child's physician immediately if your child has these symptoms.

If you are sick with any kind of infectious disease, you should isolate yourself away from others, and take steps to avoid sharing the disease with other people or pets.

Learn more about COVID-19 recovery at home

If you need to go to the hospital because you are having a medical emergency, call 9-1-1 or get to a hospital immediately. If you have symptoms that are difficult to manage, but not that serious, call your primary care provider or seek urgent care.

If you have symptoms that seem like a common cold, but aren’t that serious, isolate yourself, treat it at home, and try not to share the infection with others.

Note: Some people are considered at higher risk for severe illness from COVID-19, according to the CDC. Some of these groups include people over age 65, and people of any age who have serious underlying medical conditions such as diabetes, chronic lung disease, serious heart conditions, or cancer treatment. The CDC currently advises higher-risk groups to:

• Consult with your health care provider for more information about monitoring your health for symptoms suggestive of COVID-19
• Have a plan for if you get sick, and
• Call your health care provider if you do get sick

The CDC also posts specific information about other populations who need extra precautions, such as pregnant women and racial and ethnic minority groups.

If your symptoms or your medical condition are serious enough that you need medical assistance in managing your condition, then you should call your doctor, health care provider, advice nurse, or other health care professional. 

Note: Some people are considered at higher risk for severe illness from COVID-19, according to the CDC. Some of these groups include people over age 65, and also people of any age who have serious underlying medical conditions such as diabetes, chronic lung disease, serious heart conditions, or cancer treatment. The CDC currently advises higher-risk groups to:

• Consult with your health care provider for more information about monitoring your health for symptoms suggestive of COVID-19
• Have a plan for if you get sick, and
• Call your health care provider if you do get sick

The CDC also posts specific information about pregnant people.

Learn how to make your appointment a video visit.

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Don't delay care. A message from the UC Davis Department of Emergency Medicine

Yes, please don't delay care. As in any hospital, there are many infection control and management measures in place at all times. We manage infectious disease, like novel coronavirus, every day in the hospital. We are here to care for everyone and to make sure everyone gets excellent care.

Visitors at UC Davis Medical Center:
Currently, we are restricting visitors within UC Davis Medical Center in order to help keep the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) out of the hospital. Read more about our visitor restrictions.

To help support social distancing, we are asking all patients to consider replacing in-person appointments with video appointments through the MyUCDavisHealth app, both for flu-like symptoms and regular topics of concern. These could include your visits pre- and post-procedure.

We are screening new appointment requests to identify patients with cold/flu-like symptoms and converting those to video visits whenever possible. If your appointment for care can wait, we may ask you to reschedule to a future date when it’s safer to see you in person.

We are asking about cold/flu-like symptoms in our appointment reminders, so we can switch to a video visit or make special arrangements to receive patients with symptoms.

To limit the spread of coronavirus, we are limiting the number of caregivers who can accompany patients during appointments at our clinic and medical office locations. Learn more about our caregiver policy for outpatient clinics.

When people do visit us in person, we’re asking everyone questions as they enter the building. We’re screening for symptoms at entrances to all of our clinical locations, including our hospital, our outpatient centers, and our medical offices.

We are asking patients with symptoms of sickness to wear a mask in order to protect others. Care staff who assist these patients also wear protective equipment and use special procedures when needed to limit contact with other staff and patients (but not always – our infectious disease experts advise us when it’s necessary).

Read more about how we’re working to protect your safety — and how you can help

Our care teams are handling novel coronavirus cases in much the same way we manage other diseases that require safety precautions and monitoring. We are in constant communication with the CDC, California Department of Public Health and Sacramento County Public Health about managing potential cases.

The information we receive includes best clinical practices for enabling clinicians, as well as patients and the public, to avoid being exposed to the virus.

Every person entering our care facilities is screened daily and required to report whether they have, or have recently experienced, specific kinds of symptoms. This is one of many ways we are making sure our health care workers are well and ready to carefully care for you.

Any employee with illness symptoms is expected to stay home until they are no longer contagious. It is in everyone’s interest to keep our workforce as safe and healthy as our patients.