APPENDIX:

* Basic history-taking vocabulary examples: sign, symptom, objective, subjective, PQRST, open- or close-ended, pedigree, empathy, active listening,
reflective statements.

**Examples of Complicating Factors in History Taking:

• Medical barriers (patient with physical or psychiatric disabilities, poor recall, dementia)
• Communication barriers (using interpreters, proxy informants, or difficult communicators)
• Cultural differences (in communication or with the illness experience)
• Low health literacy
• Professionalism challenges (boundary issues, etc.)
• Medically emergent situations

^†Examples of System Factors that Facilitate/Complicate History Taking:

• Electronic Health Records
• Time constraints
• Competing demands on attention
• Privacy issues