Annotated Bibliography |Rev PC | Department of Family and Community Medicine | UC Davis Health

This annotated bibliography seeks to provide foundational information and perspectives about why and how to increase the proportion of the health care dollar devoted to primary care and systemic change options. It includes reviews, studies, op/ed pieces, reports and briefs from multiple perspectives. This is not a formal review, but rather a primer to the Rev PC Summit topics. The bibliography is organized according to Summit sessions. Articles that are relevant to more than one Summit session will be noted as such. These summaries were prepared by Antonio Hernandez, a third-year medical student at UC Davis, by summarizing key concepts from the articles and including direct quotations where relevant.

Expert Committee Session 1: Sharing What Has Been Learned Through Efforts to Optimize the Primary Care Spend

• Primary Care Collaborative. Spending for Primary Care Fact Sheet. March 2020.
• Cohen DJ, Totten AM, Philips RL Jr., Jabbarpour Y, Jetty A, DeVoe J, Pappas M, Byers J, Hart E. Measuring Primary Healthcare Spending. Technical Brief No. 44. (Prepared by the Pacific Northwest Evidence-based Practice Center under Contract No. 75Q80120D00006.) AHRQ Publication No. 24-EHC013. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality; May 2024.
• Bodenheimer T. Revitalizing Primary Care, Part 1: Root Causes of Primary Care's Problems. Ann Fam Med. 2022 Sep-Oct;20(5):464-468. doi: 10.1370/afm.2858. PMID: 36228065; PMCID: PMC9512560.
• Bodenheimer T. Revitalizing Primary Care, Part 2: Hopes for the Future. Ann Fam Med. 2022 Sep-Oct;20(5):469-478. doi: 10.1370/afm.2859. PMID: 36228059; PMCID: PMC9512544.
• Jabbarpour Y., Petterson S., Jetty A., Byun H., The Health of US Primary Care: A Baseline Scorecard Tracking Support for High-Quality Primary Care, The Milbank Memorial Fund and The Physicians Foundation. February 22, 2023.
• Hempel, Susanne, Idamay Curtis, Stephan D. Fihn, Annie Brothers, Marjorie Danz, Karin M. Nelson, Aneesa Motala, and Lisa V. Rubenstein, Primary Care Productivity: Findings from the Literature and Perspectives from a Stakeholder Panel. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation, 2021.
• Huffstetler A, Greiner A, Siddiqi A, et al. Health is primary: charting a path to equity and sustainability. Primary Care Collaborative and the Robert Graham Center, 2023.
• National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Implementing High-Quality Primary Care: Rebuilding the Foundation of Health Care. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.

Expert Committee Session 2: What Elements Belong in Optimally Resourced, Relationship Oriented Primary Care Practices, What Do They Cost, and How Should Practices Be Paid to Provide Them?

• Stange KC. Time for Family Medicine to Stop Enabling a Dysfunctional Health Care System. Ann Fam Med. 2023 May-Jun;21(3):202-204. doi: 10.1370/afm.2981. PMID: 37217333; PMCID: PMC10202512.
• Grumbach K. Forging a Social Movement to Dismantle Entrenched Power and Liberate Primary Care as a Common Good. Ann Fam Med. 2023 Mar-Apr;21(2):180-184. doi: 10.1370/afm.2950. PMID: 36973058; PMCID: PMC10042563.
• Gottlieb LM, Hessler D, Wing H, Gonzalez-Rocha A, Cartier Y, Fichtenberg C. Revising the Logic Model Behind Health Care's Social Care Investments. Milbank Q. 2024 Jun;102(2):325-335. doi: 10.1111/1468-0009.12690. Epub 2024 Jan 25. PMID: 38273221; PMCID: PMC11176407.
• Sinsky CA, Shanafelt TD, Ristow AM. Radical Reorientation of the US Health Care System Around Relationships: Rebalancing the Transactional Model. Mayo Clin Proc. 2022 Dec;97(12):2194-2205. doi: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2022.08.003. Epub 2022 Oct 4. PMID: 36207152.
• Sinsky CA, Shanafelt TD, Dyrbye LN, Sabety AH, Carlasare LE, West CP. Health Care Expenditures Attributable to Primary Care Physician Overall and Burnout-Related Turnover: A Cross-sectional Analysis. Mayo Clin Proc. 2022;97(4):693-702. doi: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2021.09.013.

Expert Committee Session 3(a): Advancing Optimally Resourced, Relationship Oriented Primary Care (Identifying Necessary Research to Attain the Vision)

• Cohen DJ, Totten AM, Phillips RL, Jabbarpour Y, DeVoe J. Measuring Primary Care Spending in the US by State. JAMA Health Forum. 2024;5(5):e240913. doi:10.1001/jamahealthforum.2024.0913
• Kershaw P, Rossa-Roccor V. Overcoming Common Anxieties in Knowledge Translation: Advice for Scholarly Issue Advocates. Milbank Q. 2024 Jun;102(2):383-397. doi: 10.1111/1468-0009.12694. Epub 2024 Feb 16. PMID: 38363871; PMCID: PMC11176404.
• Martsolf GR, Kandrack R, Friedberg MW, Briscombe B, Hussey PS, LaBonte C. Estimating the Costs of Implementing Comprehensive Primary Care: A Narrative Review. Health Serv Res Manag Epidemiol. 2019 Apr 30;6:2333392819842484. doi: 10.1177/2333392819842484. PMID: 31069248; PMCID: PMC6492354.
• Sonmez D, Weyer G, Adelman D. Primary Care Continuity, Frequency, and Regularity Associated with Medicare Savings. JAMA Netw Open. 2023;6(8):e2329991. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.29991
• Gao J, Moran E, Grimm R, Toporek A, Ruser C. The Effect of Primary Care Visits on Total Patient Care Cost: Evidence from the Veterans Health Administration. J Prim Care Community Health. 2022 Jan-Dec;13:21501319221141792. doi: 10.1177/21501319221141792. PMID: 36564889; PMCID: PMC9793026.

Expert Committee Session 3(b): Advancing Optimally Resourced, Relationship Oriented Primary Care (Essential Components of a Logic Model for Funding and Transforming Primary Care)

• McMahon LF, Song Z. Rebuilding the Relative Value Unit–Based Physician Payment System. JAMA. Published online July 10, 2024. doi:10.1001/jama.2024.8478.
• Shenfeld DK, Navathe AS, Emanuel EJ. The Promise and Challenge of Value-Based Payment. JAMA Intern Med. 2024;184(7):716–717. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2024.1343.
• Reid RO, Tom AK, Ross RM, Duffy EL, Damberg CL. Physician Compensation Arrangements and Financial Performance Incentives in US Health Systems. JAMA Health Forum. 2022;3(1):e214634. doi:10.1001/jamahealthforum.2021.4634.
• Walker L, Dowler S, Rabson B, Rauner B. It Takes Two to Tango: Creating an Effective State–Federal Partnership for Primary Care Reform. The Milbank Memorial Fund. May 2024.
• Walker L, Watkins LD, Koller C. Defining the State Role in Primary Care Reform. The Milbank Memorial Fund. May 2024. Defining-the-State-Role-in-Primary-Care-Reform_final.pdf (milbank.org).
• Koller, Christopher F. U.S. Senate Committee on the Budget. “Written Testimony Before the U.S. Senate Committee on the Budget on How Primary Care Improves Health Care Efficiency.” March 6, 2024.
• American Academy of Family Physicians. Integration of Primary Care and Public Health (Position Paper). Updated. December 2020.

Expert Committee Session 4: Attaining Optimally Resourced, Relationship Oriented, High Value Primary Care in California

• Yegian J. (May 2023). California Public Purchaser Contract Provisions on Primary Care: Multi-Payer Alignment Drives Investment.
• Primary Care Investment Coordinating Group of California. Guiding Principles and Recommended Actions, California Health Care Foundation, April 2022.
• Office of Health Care Affordability. Office of Health Care Affordability Recommendations to the California Health Care Affordability Board: Proposed Primary Care Investment Benchmark. California Department of Health Care Access and Information. April 2024.
• Condon MJ, Koonce E, Sinha V, et al Investing in Primary Care: Lessons from State-Based Efforts. Oakland, CA: California Health Care Foundation; Apr 2022.
• Rittenhouse DR, O’Malley AS, Wesley DB, et al. Primary Care’s Essential Role in Advancing Health Equity for California. Oakland, CA: California Health Care Foundation; Mar 2023.
• Yanagihara D, Hwang A, Investing in Primary Care: Why It Matters for Californians with Commercial Coverage Oakland, CA: California Health Care Foundation; Apr 2022.
• Haft H, Jones C. Considerations for Statewide Advanced Primary Care Programs. The Milbank Memorial Fund. March 2024.
• Rittenhouse D et al. Advancing Health Equity Through Primary Care Policy - Priorities and Recommendations for California. California Health Care Foundation/Mathematica, August 2024.
• Mate KS. The Curb Cut. Am J Med Qual. 2022;37(3):272-275. doi: 10.1097/JMQ.0000000000000022. Epub 2021 Oct 28. PMID: 34724438.
• powell ,ja, Ake, W., and Menendian, S. (2019). Targeted Universalism: Policy and Practice. UC Berkeley: Othering and Belonging Institute. Retrieved from https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9sm8b0q8.
• Grumbach K, Cohen DJ, Jabbarpour Y. "The Failing Experiment Of Primary Care As A For-Profit Enterprise", Health Affairs Forefront, September 5, 2024. DOI: 10.1377/forefront.20240903.604079.
• Rooke-Ley H, Song Z, Zhu JM. Value-Based Payment and Vanishing Small Independent Practices. JAMA. 2024;332(11):871–872. doi:10.1001/jama.2024.12900

Additional Resources

The Milbank Memorial Fund and the California Health Care Foundation have selected primary care transformation as their area of focus.  We encourage you to explore the respective websites for sources beyond those profiled in this annotated bibliography. Additionally, the Othering and Belonging Institute provided more information about equity and targeted universalism.

Milbank Memorial Fund selected primary care transformation as one of its three focus areas. With a strong emphasis on policy, MMF has been providing a rich resource of non-partisan blogs, briefs, and reports for more than 8 years. He also publishes a scorecard on the health of primary care.

California Health Care Foundation has selected primary care as one of its areas of focus (“Primary Care Matters”) and has published briefs and reports and created the Primary Care Investment Coordinating Group of California (PICG) in 2021. For current efforts see: Current Efforts - California Health Care Foundation (chcf.org). Other highlighted reads recommended by Kathryn Phillips include:

• The Case for Investing in Primary Care in California (chcf.org): This report provides a broad look at the value of primary care provider and team relationships, where and why our health care system underinvests in primary care. It reviews the definition of primary care, including its central attributes and provider types; briefly summarizes evidence on the value of primary care and the status of primary care payment; and explores the intersection of primary care with three high-priority areas of policy and program development in California — health workforce, coverage expansion, and CalAIM.
• Investing in Primary Care: Why It Matters for Californians with Medi-Cal Coverage (chcf.org): This first-of-its-kind study examines primary care spending by 13 Medi-Cal managed care plans in California, for 5.4 million members, and finds that greater investment in primary care is associated with better quality of care and a higher plan rating.

Othering and Belonging Institute – UC Berkeley recommends exploring equity through their website, at https://obiu.org/, where they also delve into more detail about targeted universalism.