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Girls with Autism | Imaging of Neurodevelopment (GAIN) Study | UC Davis MIND Institute

MIND Research

Girls with Autism Imaging of Neurodevelopment (GAIN) Study

The goal of the Girls with Autism Imaging of Neurodevelopment (GAIN) Study is to better understand sex differences in autism.

girl playing on playground

GAIN Study

Research Team

  • Christine Wu Nordahl smiling in an outdoor portrait, wearing a burgundy top, dangling earrings, and a silver pendant necklace
    Principal Investigator

    Christine Wu Nordahl, Ph.D.

    Christine Wu Nordahl is a professor and neuroscientist in the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences. She received her undergraduate degree from Cornell University and graduate degree in neuroscience from UC Davis. She began her career at the MIND Institute as a postdoctoral fellow and has been working on the Autism Phenome Project (APP) since the beginning of the project, spearheading efforts to acquire MRI scans in infants and toddlers during natural sleep, without the use of sedation or anesthesia. She is also committed to increasing inclusion of autistic individuals with intellectual disability in neuroimaging research. ​She joined the MIND Institute faculty in 2011 and was named the Beneto Foundation Endowed Chair in 2022. She initiated the Girls with Autism - Imaging of Neurodevelopment (GAIN) Study in 2014 to focus on autism in females. Together with her team, she founded NeuroTeens in 2021, a social support group for neurodivergent girls and nonbinary teens.

  • David Amaral, Ph.D., wearing a dark blazer, gray sweater, and white shirt, posed against a warm-toned background
    Co-Investigator

    David G. Amaral, Ph.D.

    David Amaral received his undergraduate education at Northwestern University and graduated with a degree in Psychology. He then moved to the University of Rochester where he received a joint PhD in Neuroscience and Psychology. He conducted postdoctoral research at the Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology at Washington University. He then moved to the Salk Institute for Biological Studies where he remained for 13 years. During this period, he was also an adjunct professor in the Department of Psychiatry at UC San Diego. He joined the University of California, Davis in 1995 as a Professor in the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and the Center for Neuroscience. He is also a core scientist at the California National Primate Research Center. He was the Beneto Foundation Chair and Research Director of the MIND Institute from 1998 to 2018. He also serves as Director of Autism BrainNet. He started the Autism Phenome Project in 2006 with the collaboration of numerous MIND Institute faculty and staff, and the project has become the largest, single-site, longitudinal analysis of young children with autism. In 2015, he became Editor-in-Chief of Autism Research, the journal of INSAR. In 2019, Amaral was elected to the prestigious US National Academy of Medicine.

  • Brianna Heath smiling in an outdoor portrait, wearing a purple top and dangling earrings, with long red hair

    Brianna Health, Ph.D.

    Brianna Heath is a program manager at the UC Davis MIND Institute. She earned her Bachelor of Science degree in Biology from Southern Oregon University and her Ph.D. in Human Genetics from the University of Pittsburgh, working with cell and animal models of neurodegenerative disease, before moving into autism research. Her role serves as a bridge between project leaders, collaborators, the research team, and participating families. She oversees the operations of several multi-disciplinary autism research studies including the Autism Phenome Project (APP) and the GAIN Study. Her role serves as a bridge between project leaders, collaborators, the research team, and participating families.

    She also serves on the MIND Institute Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion Committee, aids with sharing research findings through the IDDRC (Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center) Scientific Dissemination efforts, and is an alum of the Leadership Education in Neurodevelopmental and Related Disabilities (LEND) program. She has ADHD and is passionate about promoting self-advocacy for neurodivergent individuals. Across all these domains, her work is aimed at bridging the gap between those with lived experience and the policy makers, clinicians, and researchers whose work directly affects the lives of those individuals.

Our pediatrician meets with families to collect information about medical history and to conduct a physical exam with each child. Families will typically meet with one pediatrician during the study.

  • Bibiana Restrepo, M.D., smiling in a portrait, wearing a gold patterned blazer over a black top
    Pediatrician

    Bibiana Restrepo, M.D.

    Bibiana Restrepo is a board-certified Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrician. She has experience in treating children with neurodevelopmental problems, particularly offering care for children with autism and their families. She has a special interest on strengthening the collaboration between community practitioners, therapy providers and autism diagnosticians. Her research interests focus on improving the knowledge and understanding of early presentations of autism with an interdisciplinary approach, while including underrepresented communities and promoting global collaborative efforts.

Our BCBA assists with our MRI process to help children feel comfortable with the MRI environment and have a successful scan. Not all children will need this assistance, but families who choose to have a BCBA assist with the MRI will work with one BCBA throughout the process.

  • Christina Forgét smiling in an outdoor portrait, wearing red glasses, a light gray top, and a pale blue cardigan
    Board-Certified Behavior Analysts

    Christina Forgét

    Christina Forgét is a Board Certified Behavior Analyst who serves individuals diagnosed with autism and related development disabilities in school and clinic-based settings. She graduated with a Masters of Science Degree in Behavior Analysis from the California State University, Stanislaus in 2009. Christina has been a part of the Autism Phenome Project since 2016. As a Board-Certified Behavior Analyst, Christina uses evidence-based strategies to support participants through the MRI process. In addition to her work on our studies, she trains and supports educators in a local school district to use evidence-based practices in the classroom, with intentions to improve academic, social and behavioral outcomes for students ranging in age from 5 to 22 years. She is a participating member with the California Autism Professional Training and Information Network (CAPTAIN) from 2016 to present.

Our research team analyzes the data we collect through the study. This includes people at different levels of their career and education, including graduate students, fellowship trainees, and professional researchers. Most of these individuals work "behind the scenes." However, some help with our MRI process, and families may meet them during an MRI visit.

  • Joshua Lee, Ph.D., smiling in an outdoor portrait, wearing a dark blazer and light blue shirt

    Joshua Lee, Ph.D.

    Josh Lee is an Assistant Professional Researcher at the MIND Institute. As a developmental neuroscientist, his research characterizes processes of brain development in individuals with neurodevelopmental disabilities. He received his Ph.D. in Psychology at the University of California, Davis in 2016 where he conducted research on typical and atypical development of the hippocampus and episodic memory. As a post-doctoral fellow at the UC Davis MIND Institute Autism Research Training Program, He conducted research examining the development of autistic neurophenotypes in males and females. He also has expertise in longitudinal statistical analysis, high-resolution structural MRI imaging, and resting-state functional MRI. He is currently pursuing research to elucidate elevated coincidences between autism and gender diverse identity, an under-served intersection. In addition to his analytical role on the study, He also operates MRI scan sessions for the APP and GAIN studies.

  • Derek Sayre Andrews, Ph.D., smiling in an outdoor portrait, wearing a gray blazer over a black shirt

    Derek Sayre Andrews, Ph.D.

    Derek Andrews  joined the MIND Institute in 2017 as a postdoctoral scholar after receiving his Ph.D. in Neuroimaging from King’s College London, UK. His research focuses on the analysis of magnetic resonance images of the brain to increase our understanding of the biological basis of autism. As a member of the MIND Institute, he has published studies identifying brain measures associated with different autism symptom trajectories over childhood as well as co-occurring anxiety and sleep problems in autistic children.

  • Einat Waizbard-Bartov, M.A., wearing a navy blazer over a light blue top, with long brown hair and a neutral expression

    Einat Waizbard-Bartov, M.A.

    Einat Waizbard-Bartov is a Ph.D. student in the Department of Psychology. Einat earned her B.A. in behavioral sciences at Ben-Gurion University (Israel) and her M.A. in clinical psychology (child focused) at the Academic College of Tel-Aviv-Yafo (Israel). Before coming to the US, Einat worked at the Autism Research Lab in the department of Psychology at Bar-llan University (Israel). Einat is a licensed clinical psychologist in Israel and a certified Cognitive Behavioral Therapist. As part of her clinical work, she conducted clinical assessments and provided individualized interventions, parent trainings and facilitated social skills groups for preschoolers, young children, and adolescences, both neurotypical and diagnosed with autism. Her current research interests include the core symptoms of autism, change in developmental trajectories over time and the female autism phenotype.

This member of our team helps with specific parts of our study. They typically work behind the scenes, but families may sometimes see them during visits.

  • Melissa Regester, B.S., smiling in an outdoor portrait, wearing a light blue plaid shirt over a white top

    Melissa Regester, B.S.

    Melissa Regester joined the research team in 2017 as a Lab Assistant. She is responsible for processing and managing inventory of biospecimens from APP participants. She maintains a specialized database system to track available quantity and quality of processed materials like DNA and blood cells and helps coordinate sharing materials with research collaborators. She has also undergone training at the MIND Institute to assist the pediatric phlebotomist during blood draws to ensure participant and staff safety. In addition to her role on the research team, Melissa maintains the MIND Institute Biorepository and manages operations for the MIND Institute Bioscience Building.

Resources for Participants

MRI sounds
MRI infographic
Join our research participant registry (RPR)

Contact Us

Gain Study Coordinators and General Inquiries: gainstudy@health.ucdavis.edu.

Program Manager
Brianna Heath
Phone: 916-703-0452
Email:  bheath@health.ucdavis.edu