Much of clinical care is derived from clinical research studies. Clinical research (studies involving patients) evaluates therapies, devices, drugs, diagnostic tools, for the care of patients.
The Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine conducts clinical trials in collaboration with federal health agencies, pharmaceutical and device companies, and members of our clinical faculty. Several investigators on our faculty also conduct laboratory research on the UC Davis campus.
Researchers can better understand how to diagnose, treat, and prevent diseases or conditions through different types of clinical studies.
A clinical trial follows a pre-defined plan (known as a protocol) to test whether a new treatment is safe and effective for use in a particular condition. Treatments studied in clinical trials might be new drugs or new combinations of drugs, new procedures or devices, or new ways to use existing treatments. By participating in a clinical trial, patients can contribute to scientific understanding and gain access to new treatments.
A type of study in which people are observed or certain outcomes are measured and recorded. Typically, only clinical data are collected, and no experimental treatment is given. Observational studies can help to understand the natural course of disease and to detect cause-and-effect relationships. By participating in observational studies such as patient registries, patients provide important information on the long-term effects of a treatment or procedure.
These studies may involve the collection of biological samples from volunteers who either suffer from a condition or are healthy. Study subjects typically do not directly benefit from participation and their medical care is not affected.
Research studies differ from medical care. When you visit your doctor, he or she diagnoses and treats your current illness or condition. Researchers are trying to gather new knowledge that will help them improve medical care for people in the future by conducting clinical trials.
Study Title: A Phase 3/4 Study to Evaluate the Safety, Immunogenicity, and Effects on the Alpha1-Proteinase Inhibitor (A1PI) Levels in Epithelial Lining Fluid Following GLASSIA Therapy in A1PI-Deficient Subjects
Study Title:Alpha-1 Clinical Resource Center Research
Study Title: L-arginine in Severe Asthma Patients Grouped by Exhaled Nitric Oxide Levels
Study Title: The Asthma-COPD Overlap Syndrome: Pilot Study and Cohort Development
Study Title: The Modulation of Eotaxin Expression by Statins: Implications for Asthma Therapy
Study Title: A Study Evaluating the Effects of Lebrikizumab on Airway Eosinophilic Inflammation in Patients with Uncontrolled Asthma
Study Title: Effects of psychosocial stress on glucocorticoid responsiveness in severe asthma
Study Title: A Phase 2, Multicenter, Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, Parallel-group Study to Evaluate the Efficacy, Safety, and Tolerability of CTX-4430 Administered Orally Once-Daily for 48 Weeks in Adult Patients with Cystic Fibrosis
Study Title: Participation in Cystic Fibrosis Patient Registry
Study Title: STOP2: Treatment of pulmonary exacerbations in people with CF
Study Title: A Long-Term Prospective Observational Safety Study of the Incidence of and Risk Factors for Fibrosing Colonopathy in US Patients with Cystic Fibrosis treated with Pancreatic Enzyme Replacement Therapy: A Harmonized Protocol Across Sponsors
Study Title: Reevaluation of Systemic Early neuromuscular blockade (ROSE)
Study Title: Phase Ib/IIa, Randomized, Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled, Multicenter Study to Evaluate the Safety, Tolerability, Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of BMS-936559 in Subjects with Severe Sepsis
Study Title: A Phase III Multicenter, Randomized, Open-label, Clinical Trial of Telavancin Versus Standard Intravenous Therapy in the Treatment of Subjects with Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia Including Infective Endocarditis
Study Title: A phase 2, 24-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter study, followed by a 28-week treatment extension, to evaluate the efficacy and safety of CC-90001 in subjects with Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis.
Study Title: A double blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial evaluating the efficacy and safety of nintedanib over 52 weeks in patients with Progressive Fibrosing Interstitial Lung Disease (PF-ILD)
Study Title: Interstitial Lung Disease Clinical and Biospecimen Registry
Study Title: Bronchiectasis Clinical Data and Specimen Registry
Study Title: Oral Treprostinil in Subjects With Pulmonary Hypertension (PH) Associated With Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction (HFpEF)
Study Title: REPLACE: A prospective, randomized, international, multicenter, double-arm, controlled, open label study of Riociguat in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) who are on a stable dose of phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors (PDE-5i) with or without endothelin receptor antagonist (ERA), but not at treatment goal.
Study Title: RIN-PH-201: A Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled Trial to Evaluate the Safety and Efficacy of Inhaled Treprostinil in Subjects with Pulmonary Hypertension due to Parenchymal Lung Disease (INCREASE)
Study Title: PULSE-PHPF-001: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Dose Escalation Clinical Study to Assess the Safety and Efficacy of Pulsed, Inhaled Nitric Oxide (iNO) in Subjects with Pulmonary Hypertension Associated with Pulmonary Fibrosis on Long Term Oxygen Therapy
Study Title: RIN-PH-201: A Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled Trial to Evaluate the Safety and Efficacy of Inhaled Treprostinil in Subjects with Pulmonary Hypertension due to Parenchymal Lung Disease (INCREASE)
A clinical study involves research using human volunteers (also called participants) that is intended to add to medical knowledge. There are two main types of clinical studies: clinical trials and observational studies. ClinicalTrials.gov includes both interventional and observational studies.
In a clinical trial (also called an interventional study), participants receive specific interventions according to the research plan or protocol created by the investigators. These interventions may be medical products, such as drugs or devices; procedures; or changes to participants' behavior, for example, diet. Clinical trials may compare a new medical approach to a standard one that is already available or to a placebo that contains no active ingredients or to no intervention. Some clinical trials compare interventions that are already available to each other. When a new product or approach is being studied, it is not usually known whether it will be helpful, harmful, or no different than available alternatives (including no intervention). The investigators try to determine the safety and efficacy of the intervention by measuring certain outcomes in the participants. For example, investigators may give a drug or treatment to participants who have high blood pressure to see whether their blood pressure decreases.
Clinical trials used in drug development are sometimes described by phase. These phases are defined by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA).
Note: Some people who are not eligible to participate in a clinical trial may be able to get experimental drugs or devices outside of a clinical trial through an Expanded Access Program. See more information on expanded access from the National Library of Medicine.
In an observational study, investigators assess health outcomes in groups of participants according to a protocol or research plan. Participants may receive interventions, which can include medical products, such as drugs or devices, or procedures as part of their routine medical care, but participants are not assigned to specific interventions by the investigator (as in a clinical trial). For example, investigators may observe a group of older adults to learn more about the effects of different lifestyles on cardiac health.
Every clinical study is led by a principal investigator, who is often a medical doctor. Clinical studies also have a research team that may include doctors, nurses, social workers, and other health care professionals.
Clinical studies can be sponsored, or funded, by pharmaceutical companies, academic medical centers, voluntary groups, and other organizations, in addition to Federal agencies such as the National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Defense, and U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs. Physicians, health care providers, and other individuals can also sponsor clinical research.
Clinical studies can take place in many locations, including hospitals, universities, doctors' offices, and community clinics. The location depends on who is conducting the study.
The length of a clinical study varies, depending on what is being studied. Participants are told how long the study will last before enrolling.
In general, clinical studies are designed to add to medical knowledge related to the treatment, diagnosis, and prevention of diseases or conditions. Some common reasons for conducting clinical studies include:
A clinical study is conducted according to a research plan known as the protocol. The protocol is designed to answer specific research questions as well as safeguard the health of participants. It contains the following information:
Clinical studies have standards outlining who can participate, called eligibility criteria, which are listed in the protocol. Some research studies seek participants who have the illnesses or conditions that will be studied. Other studies are looking for healthy participants. And some studies are limited to a predetermined group of people who are asked by researchers to enroll.
Eligibility. The factors that allow someone to participate in a clinical study are called inclusion criteria, and the factors that disqualify someone from participating are called exclusion criteria. These are based on things such as age, gender, the type and stage of a disease, previous treatment history, and other medical conditions.
Informed consent is a process in which researchers provide potential and enrolled participants with information about a clinical study. This information helps people decide whether they want to enroll, or continue to participate, in the study. The informed consent process is intended to protect participants and should provide enough information for a person to understand the risks of, potential benefits of, and alternatives to the study. In addition to the informed consent document, the process may involve recruitment materials, verbal instructions, question-and-answer sessions, and activities to measure participant understanding. In general, a person must sign an informed consent document before entering a study to show that he or she was given information on risks, potential benefits, and alternatives and understands it. Signing the document and providing consent is not a contract. Participants may withdraw from a study at any time, even if the study is not over. See Questions to Ask a health care provider or researcher about participating in a clinical study.
Institutional review boards. Each federally supported or conducted clinical study and each study of a drug, biological product, or medical device regulated by FDA must be reviewed, approved, and monitored by an institutional review board (IRB). An IRB is made up of physicians, researchers, and members of the community. Its role is to make sure that the study is ethical and the rights and welfare of participants are protected. This includes making sure that research risks are minimized and are reasonable in relation to any potential benefits, among other things. The IRB also reviews the informed consent document.
In addition to being monitored by an IRB, some clinical studies are also monitored by data monitoring committees (also called data safety and monitoring boards).
Various Federal agencies, including the Office of Human Subjects Research Protection (OHRP) and FDA, have the authority to determine whether sponsors of certain clinical studies are adequately protecting research participants.
Typically participants continue to see their usual health care providers while enrolled in a clinical study. While most clinical studies provide participants with medical products or interventions related to the illness or condition being studied, they do not provide extended or complete health care. By having the participant's usual health care provider work with the research team, the participant can make sure that the study protocol will not conflict with other medications or treatments being received.
Participating in a clinical study contributes to medical knowledge. The results of these studies can make a difference in the care of future patients by providing information about the benefits and risks of therapeutic, preventative, or diagnostic products or interventions.
Clinical trials provide the basis for the development and marketing of new drugs, biological products, and medical devices. Sometimes, the safety and the effectiveness of the experimental approach or use may not be fully known at the time of the trial. Some trials may provide participants with the prospect of receiving direct medical benefits, while others do not. Most trials involve some risk of harm or injury to the participant, although it may not be more than the risks related to routine medical care or disease progression. (For trials approved by IRBs, the IRB has decided that the risks of participation have been minimized and are reasonable in relation to anticipated benefits.) Many trials require participants to undergo additional procedures, tests, and assessments based on the study protocol. These will be described in the informed consent document for a particular trial. A potential participant should also discuss these issues with members of the research team and with his or her usual health care provider.
Anyone interested in participating in a clinical study should know as much as possible about the study and feel comfortable asking the research team questions about the study, the related procedures, and any expenses. The following questions might be helpful during such a discussion. Answers to some of these questions are provided in the informed consent document. Many of these questions are specific to clinical trials, but some also apply to observational studies.