Some autoimmune diseases, such as Graves’ disease, may lead to hyperthyroidism, while others, such as Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, can cause hypothyroidism. 

Some babies’ thyroid glands may not develop properly from birth, leading to hypothyroidism. 

Not having enough iodine to help your thyroid make hormones may lead to hypothyroidism, while having too much iodine may cause hyperthyroidism.

Overactive growths (nodules) inside your thyroid may make excess thyroid hormones and lead to hyperthyroidism.

Rare pituitary gland conditions or cancerous growths can disrupt your hormonal balance and lead to hyperthyroidism.

Being pregnant and having a child can temporarily cause hypothyroidism.

Radiation therapy or endocrine surgery to remove your thyroid (thyroidectomy) to treat head and neck cancers can lead to hypothyroidism.

Thyroid gland inflammation (thyroiditis) can cause your thyroid to leak excess hormones, which may lead to hyperthyroidism.

People older than age 60 have a higher chance of a thyroid disorder.

A family history of thyroid disorders increases your risk. 

Women are at higher risk for hyperthyroidism, and women over 60 have an increased risk for hypothyroidism. 

Certain medical conditions, such as celiac disease, lupus and type 1 diabetes, increase thyroid autoimmune disorder risk.

Some medications high in iodine or lithium may raise thyroid disorder risk. 

Thyroid replacement medications can treat hypothyroidism, while anti-thyroid drugs can treat hyperthyroidism. 

Radioactive iodine treatment (nuclear medicine) damages your thyroid’s cells, which stops it from producing too many thyroid hormones.

Removing part or all of your thyroid (thyroidectomy) prevents it from making excessive thyroid hormones. It also removes cancerous cells and nodules or goiters that cause symptoms. You’ll need to take thyroid replacement medications after this procedure.